OProfile consists of a Kernel driver and a daemon for collecting data. It makes use of the hardware performance counters provided on Intel, AMD, and other processors. OProfile is capable of profiling all code including the Kernel, Kernel modules, Kernel interrupt handlers, system shared libraries, and other applications.

Modern processors support profiling through the hardware by performance counters. Depending on the processor, there can be many counters and each of these can be programmed with an event to count. Each counter has a value which determines how often a sample is taken. The lower the value, the more often it is used.

During the post-processing step, all information is collected and instruction addresses are mapped to a function name.

In order to make use of OProfile, install the oprofile package. OProfile works on IA-64, AMD64, s390, and PPC64 processors.

It is useful to install the *-debuginfo package for the respective application you want to profile. If you want to profile the Kernel, you need the debuginfo package as well.

OProfile contains several utilities to handle the profiling process and its profiled data. The following list is a short summary of programms used in this chapter:

It is possible with OProfile to profile both Kernel and applications. When profiling the Kernel, tell OProfile where to find the vmlinuz* file. Use the --vmlinux option and point it to vmlinuz* (usually in /boot). If you need to profile Kernel modules, OProfile does this by default. However, make sure you read http://oprofile.sourceforge.net/doc/kernel-profiling.html.

Applications usually do not need to profile the Kernel, so better use the --no-vmlinux option to reduce the amount of information.

8.4.2. Getting Event Configurations¶

The general procedure for event configuration is as follows:

1. Use first the events CPU-CLK_UNHALTED and INST_RETIRED to find optimization opportunities.

2. Use specific events to find bottlenecks. To list them, use the command opcontrol --list-events.

If you need to profile certain events, first check the available events supported by your processor with the ophelp command (example output generated from Intel Core i5 CPU):

ophelp 
oprofile: available events for CPU type "Intel Architectural Perfmon"

See Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual
Volume 3B (Document 253669) Chapter 18 for architectural perfmon events
This is a limited set of fallback events because oprofile doesn't know your CPU
CPU_CLK_UNHALTED: (counter: all))
        Clock cycles when not halted (min count: 6000) 
INST_RETIRED: (counter: all))
        number of instructions retired (min count: 6000) 
LLC_MISSES: (counter: all))
        Last level cache demand requests from this core that missed the LLC (min count: 6000) 
        Unit masks (default 0x41)
        ----------
        0x41: No unit mask 
LLC_REFS: (counter: all))
        Last level cache demand requests from this core (min count: 6000) 
        Unit masks (default 0x4f)
        ----------
        0x4f: No unit mask 
BR_MISS_PRED_RETIRED: (counter: all))
        number of mispredicted branches retired (precise) (min count: 500)

You can get the same output from opcontrol --list-events.

Specify the performance counter events with the option --event. Multiple options are possible. This option needs an event name (from ophelp) and a sample rate, for example:

opcontrol --event=CPU_CLK_UNHALTED:100000

	Be Careful with Low Sampling Rates with CPU_CLK_UNHALTED
Setting sampling rates is dangerous as small rates cause the system to overload and freeze.

The GUI for OProfile can be started as root with oprof_start, see Figure 8.1, “GUI for OProfile”. Select your events and change the counter, if necessary. Every green line is added to the list of checked events. Hover the mouse over the line to see a help text in the status line below. Use the Configuration tab to set the buffer and CPU size, the verbose option and others. Click on Start to execute OProfile.

Figure 8.1. GUI for OProfile¶

Before generating a report, make sure OProfile has dumped your data to the /var/lib/oprofile/samples directory using the command opcontrol --dump. A report can be generated with the commands opreport or opannotate.

Calling oreport without any options gives a complete summary. With an executable as an argument, retrieve profile data only from this executable. If you analyze applications written in C++, use the --demangle smart option.

The opannotate generates output with annotations from source code. Run it with the following options:

opannotate --source \
   --base-dirs=BASEDIR \
   --search-dirs= \
   --output-dir=annotated/ \
   /lib/libfoo.so

The option --base-dir contains a comma separated list of paths which is stripped from debug source files. This paths were searched prior than looking in --search-dirs. The --search-dirs option is also a comma separated list of directories to search for source files.

	Inaccuracies in Annotated Source
Due to compiler optimization, code can disappear and appear in a different place. Use the information in http://oprofile.sourceforge.net/doc/debug-info.html to fully understand its implications.

This chapter only provides a short overview. Refer to the following links for more information: