Документация > Содержание > Мобильные устройства > ◀

Глава 23. Copying and Sharing Files

Содержание

23.1. Scenarios
23.2. Access Methods
23.3. Accessing Files Using a Direct Connection
23.4. Accessing Files on Different OS on the Same Computer
23.5. Copying Files between Linux Computers
23.6. Copying Files between Linux and Windows Computers with SSH
23.7. Sharing Files between Linux Computers
23.8. Sharing Files between Linux and Windows with Samba
23.9. For More Information

Аннотация

If using multiple operating systems (OS) simultaneously, it is often necessary to exchange files among them. Different systems may reside on different partitions on the same machine or on different machines across your network. There are various approaches to file exchange with different basic instructions and possible pitfalls.

[Warning]Scenarios for Private Home Networks Only

Do not use the following scenarios in networks other than your own private and trusted home network that is protected by a firewall. Implementing high security measures for the configurations featured in the following sections is beyond the scope of this document.

Exchanging data may encompass either one of the following tasks:

Copying

To copy your data means to transfer your data from one system to the other. This results in identical objects on both the source and the target system.

Synchronizing data is a special way to copy data. If you change a file on one computer, it is automatically changed on the other computer after the synchronization. For example, think of a laptop that contains your modified files and you want to have the same contents on your desktop computer.

Sharing

Sharing your files means establishing a client/server relationship. The server provides files that can be accessed by the client. When changing a file, you modify it on the server, not locally on the client. File servers typically serve a large number of clients simultaneously.

23.1. Scenarios

The following list provides a number of possible scenarios involving file transfer:

Different OS on the Same Computer

Many users have an operating system preinstalled by their vendor and run Linux in a separate partition. Refer to Раздел 23.4, «Accessing Files on Different OS on the Same Computer» for more information.

Different Computers Not Connected by a Network

Save the data to any media (CD, DVD, USB flash drive, or external hard disk) and connect these to the target machine to copy your files. This solution is inexpensive, intuitive, and straightforward. However, you need the appropriate drives or ports on both computers. Additionally the operating systems have to understand the filesystem.

Media are suited to occasional file transfers with limited file size. If you need a more permanent solution, consider connecting them with a network.

Different Computers Connected to the Same Network

Set up a server of any kind on one computer, connect the server and the client, and transfer the files from server to client. Choose from various protocols available and pick the one that best matches your needs and expertise.

The client/server setup requires more expertise and maintenance efforts, but is better suited to routine transfer needs and exchange with multiple systems. If you are looking for a permanent file exchange, choose a client/server-based method. This method does not impose any limits on the amount of data that can be transferred. See Раздел 23.2, «Access Methods».

Different Computers on Different Networks

This scenario requires connection of different networks and is beyond the scope of this document. Transfer files as if the computers were not connected to a network.

23.2. Access Methods

The following methods and protocols are well-suited to file transfer and sharing.

FTP

Use FTP (File Transfer Protocol) if you need to exchange files very often and with different users. Set up an FTP server on one system and access it with clients. There are many graphical client applications available for FTP on Windows*, MacOS, and Linux. Depending on how your FTP server is used, enable read and write permissions. See Раздел 23.5.4, «Copying Files with FTP» for more details on FTP.

NFS

NFS (Network File System) is a client/server system. A server exports one or more directories that can be imported by a client. For more information, see Глава 14, Sharing File Systems with NFS.

Use NFS if you share files very often and for different users. Generally, this protocol is more common in the Linux world than in the Windows world. An NFS export integrates well into your Linux system and you can browse the imported directory structure like any other folder on your local machine. Depending on your configuration, enable either read or write permissions or both on the server. In general, for a home user it makes sense to allow read and write access.

rsync

Use rsync to transfer regularly large volumes of data that does not change considerably. It is available on Linux and Windows. A typical use case for rsync is managing data backups. Refer to the manual page of the rsync command and Раздел 23.5.2, «Transferring Files with rsync» for more information.

Unison

Unison is an alternative to rsync. It is used to regularly synchronize files between different computers but has the advantage to behave bidirectionally. Refer to the manual page of the Unison command and Раздел 23.5.3, «Transferring Files with Unison» for more information. Unison is available on Linux and Windows.

CSync

CSync is an alternative to Unison. Just like Unison it synchronizes files bidirectionally. However, its architecture is modular so it can be extended with plug-ins. See http://www.csync.org for more details.

SMB

Samba is a client/server system and an implementation of the SMB protocol. It is usually used in Windows networks, but is supported by several operating systems. Refer to Глава 15, Samba for more information about Samba.

Use Samba if you need to share files very often and with different users, especially to Windows systems. Samba as a Linux-only solution is uncommon, use NFS instead. For more information about setting up a Samba server, refer to Раздел 23.8, «Sharing Files between Linux and Windows with Samba».

SSH

SSH (Secure Shell) enables a secure connection between computer. The SSH suite consists of several commands and uses public key encryption to authenticate users. For more information, see Глава 12, SSH: Безопасная работа в сети (↑Руководство по безопасности).

Use SSH if you copy files occasionally over an untrusted network and if you are the only user doing so. Although there are graphical user interfaces available, SSH is mainly considered a command line utility and is available on Linux and Windows.

23.3. Accessing Files Using a Direct Connection

This section describes one way to exchange files between two computers using an Ethernet crossover cable.

You need:

  • Ethernet crossover cable. For further information see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_crossover_cable

  • openSUSE on both computers

  • An established connection.

  • The SSH daemon running on both machines. To start the service, run the command rcsshd start as root.

Proceed as follows:

Процедура 23.1. GNOME

  1. Start Nautilus.

  2. Click on File+Connect to Server.

  3. Set the Service Type to ssh.

  4. Enter the IP address and port of the remote computer (default is 22).

  5. Specify the folder you want to open on the remote Computer.

  6. Click Connect.

Процедура 23.2. KDE

  1. Start Dolphin.

  2. Click on Network, Add Network. Re-attach the pane if it is not available with View+Panels+Places.

  3. Set the type of network to Secure shell (ssh).

  4. Enter any name and the correct user, IP address, port (default is 22) and folder of the remote Computer. It is also possible to create an icon for this connection by enabling the checkbox below. This connection icon appears in the Network tab in Dolphin.

  5. Click on Save & Connect a dialog box opens and requests the password.

A new window containing the files of the remote computer will be opened.

23.4. Accessing Files on Different OS on the Same Computer

New computers generally ship with a preinstalled operating system, usually Windows. If you have installed Linux on a different partition, you might want to exchange files between the different operating systems.

Windows cannot read Linux partitions by default. If you want to exchange files between these two operating systems, you have to create an «exchange partition». For a more direct approach, see http://www.fs-driver.org/ to get a driver supporting an ext2 filesystem on Windows. The following file systems are used by Windows and can be accessed from a Linux machine:

FAT

Various flavors of this file system are used by MS-DOS and Windows 95 and 98. You can create this type of file system with YaST. It is possible to read and write files on FAT partitions from Linux. The size of a FAT partition (and even the maximum size of a single file) is subject to restrictions, depending on the FAT version. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFAT for more information about FAT file systems.

NTFS

The NTFS file system is used by Windows. openSUSE includes write access support to the NTFS file system. See http://en.opensuse.org/SDB:NTFS for more information about NTFS-3g.

During the installation of openSUSE, your Windows partitions are detected. After starting your Linux system, the Windows partitions usually are mounted. These are possible ways of accessing your Windows data:

KDE

Press Alt+F2 and enter sysinfo:/. A new window opens displaying the characteristics of your machine. Disk Information lists your partitions. Look at those that are of the file system type ntfs or vfat and click these entries. If the partition is not already mounted, KDE mounts the partition now and displays the contents.

Command Line

Just list the contents of /windows to see one or more directories containing your Windows drives. The directory /windows/c maps to the Windows C:\ drive, for example.

[Note]Changing the Accessibility of Windows Partitions

Initially, Windows partitions are mounted read-only for normal users to avoid accidental damage to the file system. To grant normal users full access to a mounted Windows partition, change the mount behavior of this Windows partition. Refer to the manual page of the mount command for more information on mount options for vfat and to the manual page of ntfs-3g on mount options for NTFS.

23.5. Copying Files between Linux Computers

Linux offers a rich set of protocols you can use to copy files between computers. Which protocol you use depends on how much effort you want to invest and whether it needs to be compatible with future Windows installations. The following sections feature various methods to transfer files from and to Linux computers. Make sure that you have a working network connection, because otherwise they will not work. All scenarios rely on working name resolution in the network. If your network does not include a name service, use IP addresses directly or add the IP addresses along with respective hostnames to /etc/hosts on all clients.

The following example IP addresses and hostnames are used across this section:

Target Hostname

jupiter.example.com

Target IP

192.168.2.100

Source Hostname

venus.example.com

Source IP

192.168.2.101

User

tux

23.5.1. Copying Files with SSH

The following requirements must be met on both computers that are accessed via SSH:

  1. If you use a hostname, make sure each hostname is listed in /etc/hosts on both computers (see Раздел 9.6.1.6, «/etc/hosts».) If you use SSH with IP addresses, you do not need to change anything.

  2. If you use a firewall, open the SSH port. To do so, start YaST, and select Security and Users+Firewall. Go to Allowed Services and check whether SSH is displayed as part of the list. If this is not the case, select SSH from Service to Allow and click Add. Apply your changes and leave YaST with Next and Finish.

To copy files from one computer to another, you need to know where the files are located. For example, to copy the single file /srv/foo_file from computer jupiter.example.com to the current directory, use the following scp command (the dot represents the current directory as the copy target location): 

scp tux@jupiter.example.com:/srv/foo_file .

To copy a whole directory structure, use the recursive mode of scp: 

scp -r tux@jupiter.example.com:/srv/foo_directory .

If your network does not provide name resolution, use the server's IP address directly: 

scp tux@192.168.2.100:/srv/foo_file .

If you do not know exactly where your files are, use the sftp command. Copying files in KDE or GNOME with SFTP is very simple. Proceed as follows:

  1. Press Alt+F2.

  2. Enter the following at the address prompt (correct it to your own values): 

    sftp://tux@jupiter.example.com

  3. Confirm the question regarding of authenticity and enter the password of tux on jupiter.example.com.

  4. Drag and drop the desired files or directories to your desktop or a local directory.

KDE provides another protocol called fish that can be used if sftp is not available. The use of this protocol is similar to sftp. Just replace the sftp protocol prefix of the URL with fish: 

fish://tux@jupiter.example.com

23.5.2. Transferring Files with rsync

rsync is useful for archiving or copying data and can also be used as a daemon to provide directories to the network (see Процедура 23.3, «Advanced Setup for rsync Synchronization»).

Before using rsync to synchronize files and directories between different computers, make sure that the following requirements are met:

  1. The package rsync is installed.

  2. Identical users are available on both systems.

  3. Enough disk space is available on the server.

  4. If you want to benefit from rsync's full potential, make sure that rsyncd is installed on the system to use as the server.

23.5.2.1. rsync Basic Mode

The basic mode of operation of rsync does not require any special configuration. rsync mirrors complete directories onto another system. Its usage is not much different from a regular copying tool, such as scp. The following command creates a backup of the home directory of tux on a backup server called jupiter: 

rsync -Hbaz -e ssh /home/tux/ tux@jupiter:backup

Use the following command to restore your backup (without option -b): 

rsync -Haz -e ssh tux@jupiter:backup /home/tux/

23.5.2.2. rsync Daemon Mode

Start the rsyncd daemon on one of your systems to make use of the full functionality of rsync. In this mode, it is possible to create synchronization points (modules) that can be accessed without an account. To use the rsyncd daemon, proceed as follows:

Процедура 23.3. Advanced Setup for rsync Synchronization

  1. Log in as root and install the rsync package.

  2. Configure your synchronization points in /etc/rsyncd.conf. Add a point with its name in brackets and add the path keyword like in the following example: 

    						
[FTP]
 path = /srv/ftp
 comment = An Example

  3. Start the rsyncd daemon as root with rcrsyncd start. To start the rsync service automatically during each system boot, run insserv rsyncd.

  4. List all files located in the /srv/ftp directory (note the double colon): 

    rsync -avz jupiter::FTP

  5. Initiate the transfer by providing a target directory (in this example, the current directory is represented by a dot): 

    rsync -avz jupiter::FTP .

By default, files are not deleted while synchronizing with rsync. To force file deletion, add the --delete option. To make sure that --delete does not accidentally remove newer files, use the --update option instead. Any conflicts that arise must be resolved manually.

23.5.3. Transferring Files with Unison

Before using Unison to synchronize files and directories between different computers, make sure that the following requirements are met:

  1. The package unison is installed.

  2. Enough disk space is available on your local and remote computer.

  3. If you want to benefit from Unison's full potential, make sure that Unison is also installed and running on the remote computer.

In case you need help, run Unison with the -doc topics option to get a full list of available sections.

For permanent settings, Unison allows the creation of profiles that specify Unison preferences such as the directories (roots) to synchronize, which types of files to ignore, and other options. The profiles are stored as text files in ~/.unison with the file extension *.prf.

23.5.3.1. Using the GUI

To synchronize different directories with Unison's GUI, proceed as follows:

  1. Start Unison by pressing Alt+F2 and entering unison.

  2. If you run Unison for the first time and without any further options, you are prompted for a source directory. Enter the source directory you want to synchronize and click OK.

  3. Enter the target directory. It can be either local or remote. If you want to synchronize to a remote directory, choose the method (SSH, RSH or Socket) and enter the hostname and an optional user.

  4. If you have not synchronized these two directories before, a warning dialog appears, informing you that Unison will now compare the contents of those directories. Close the warning with OK and wait until Unison has collected the information from both directories and displays the differences in the main window.

    The left column shows the source directory you have selected, the third column shows the target directory. If there are differences between the directories, the Action column shows a symbol, proposing an action. A green arrow indicates that a file has been modified, added or deleted in the source or the target directory. The direction of the arrow indicates the direction that the change would be propagated if you performed the synchronization now. A question mark indicates a conflict (both files have been changed and Unison cannot decide which one to overwrite).

    Рисунок 23.1. File Synchronization Proposal

    File Synchronization Proposal

  5. To modify the proposals Unison shows for each file (for example, if you want to change the direction), select the file and click Right to Left or Left to Right. With Skip, exclude a file from synchronization. The symbol in the Action column changes accordingly.

  6. To start the synchronization, click Go.

The next time you start Unison, a dialog box shows the existing profiles, each specifying a pair of directories to be synchronized. Select a profile or create a new profile (for another pair of directories) and perform the synchronization as described above.

23.5.3.2. Using the Command Line

Unison can also be operated through the command line. To synchronize a local directory to a remote computer, proceed as follows:

  1. Open a shell and enter the following command: 

    unison -ui text DIR
         ssh://tux@jupiter.example.com//PATH

    Replace the placeholders with the respective values.

  2. Unison asks you what to do with your files and directories, for example: 

    local                  jupiter
           <----  new file   dir [f]

  3. Press F if you want to follow Unison's recommendation. For other commands, press ?.

  4. Proceed with y, if you want to propagate your updates.

23.5.4. Copying Files with FTP

Before configuring your FTP server, make sure that the following requirements are met:

  1. The package vsftp is installed.

  2. You have root access to your FTP server.

  3. Enough disk space is available on your computer.

[Warning]For Home Networks Only

This setup is suited for use in home networks only. Do not deploy it to sites unprotected by firewalls and do not enable world wide access.

To configure an FTP server, proceed as follows:

  1. Prepare the FTP server:

    1. Open a shell, log in as root, and save a backup copy of /etc/vsftpd.conf: 

      cp /etc/vsftpd.conf /etc/vsftpd.conf.bak

    2. Create an access point for anonymous FTP 

      mkdir ~ftp/incoming
chown -R ftp:ftp ~ftp/incoming

  2. Replace the configuration files according to the preferred scenario (refer to the manual page of vsftpd.conf for advanced configuration options):

    Allowing Anonymous Read and Write Access
    #
listen=YES
									
# Enable anonymous access to FTP server
anonymous_enable=YES
									
#
local_enable=YES
# Enable write access
write_enable=YES
anon_upload_enable=YES
anon_mkdir_write_enable=YES
dirmessage_enable=YES
# Write log file 
xferlog_enable=YES
connect_from_port_20=YES
chown_uploads=YES
chown_username=ftp
ftpd_banner=Welcome to FTP service.
anon_root=/srv/ftp
    Grant Restricted Permissions to FTP Users (Home Only)
    chroot_local_users=YES

  3. Restart the FTP server: 

    rcvsftp start

On the client, just enter the URL ftp://HOST in your browser or FTP client. Replace HOST with the hostname or IP address of your server. There are many graphical user interfaces available that are suited to browsing the contents of your FTP server. For a list of them, just enter FTP at the search prompt of the YaST package manager.

23.6. Copying Files between Linux and Windows Computers with SSH

To transfer files from Linux to Windows using SSH, choose one of the following applications:

PuTTY

PuTTY is a suite of different command line tools for working with an SSH daemon. Download it from http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty.html.

WinSCP

WinSCP is very similar to PuTTY, but includes a graphical user interface. Choose from an Explorer or Norton Commander style. Download it from http://winscp.net.

To copy a file from Windows to Linux with PuTTY, proceed as follows (on the Windows machine):

  1. Start PSCP.

  2. Enter the hostname of your SSH server.

  3. Enter your login and password to the SSH server.

To connect from Windows to Linux with WinSCP, proceed as follows (on the Windows machine):

  1. Start WinSCP.

  2. Enter the hostname of the SSH server and username.

  3. Click Login and acknowledge the resulting warning.

  4. Drag and drop any files or directories from or to your WinSCP window.

[Note]SSH Fingerprint

With both PuTTY and WinSCP, you must accept the SSH fingerprint when you log in for the first time.

23.7. Sharing Files between Linux Computers

The following sections feature various methods for sharing data. Use one of these if you are looking for a permanent solution for data sharing.

23.7.1. Transferring Files with NFS

To configure the server, proceed as follows:

  1. Prepare the system:

    1. Open a shell, log in as root, and grant write permissions to all users: 

      mkdir /srv/nfs
chgrp users /srv/nfs
chmod g+w /srv/nfs

    2. Make sure that your user name and user ID is known on the client as well as on the server. Refer to Глава 10, Managing Users with YaST (↑Вступление) for detailed instructions about how to create and manage user accounts.

  2. Prepare the NFS server:

    1. Start YaST as root.

    2. Select Network Services+NFS Server (this module is not installed by default. If it is missing in YaST, install the package yast2-nfs-server).

    3. Enable NFS services with Start.

    4. Open the appropriate firewall port with Open Port in Firewall if you are using a firewall.

  3. Export the directories:

    1. Click Add directory and select /srv/nfs.

    2. Set the export options to: 

      rw,root_squash,async

    3. Repeat these steps, if you need to export more than one directory.

  4. Apply your settings and leave YaST. Your NFS server is ready to use.

To manually start the NFS server, enter rcnfsserver start as root. To stop the server, enter rcnfsserver stop. By default, YaST takes care of starting this service at boot time.

To configure the client, proceed as follows:

  1. Prepare the NFS client:

    1. Start YaST as root.

    2. Select Network Services+NFS Client.

    3. Activate Open Port in Firewall if using a firewall.

  2. Import the remote file system:

    1. Click Add.

    2. Enter the name or IP address of the NFS server or click Choose to automatically scan the network for NFS servers.

    3. Enter the name of your remote file system or automatically choose it with Select.

    4. Enter an appropriate mount point, for example /mnt. If you repeat this step with another exported file system, make sure you choose another mount point than /mnt.

    5. Repeat these steps if you need to import more than one external directory.

  3. Apply your settings and leave YaST. Your NFS client is ready to use.

To start the NFS client manually, enter rcnfs start.

[Note]Consistent User Names

If your home network is used by just a small number of users, set up identical users manually on all machines. If, however, you need a larger consistent user base across a larger home network, consider using NIS or LDAP to manage user data. For further information, refer to Глава 3, Использование NIS (↑Руководство по безопасности) and Глава 4, LDAP — Сервис директорий (↑Руководство по безопасности).

23.7.2. Sharing Files with Samba

This sections introduces various methods to access files on a Samba server. Both KDE and GNOME ship with graphical tools for working with Samba shares. There is also a command line tool for accessing Samba servers.

23.7.2.1. Accessing Shares with KDE and GNOME

Both the KDE and GNOME desktops can access Samba shares through their file browsers. To access your share, proceed as follows:

  1. Press Alt+F2 and enter smb://jupiter.example.com/share.

    The syntax of this URL is smb://HOST/SHARENAME with HOST representing the hostname (jupiter.example.com) or IP address and SHARENAME representing the share. See Шаг 3.b.

  2. Log in with the username and password. The password is set in Шаг 4 or just hit Enter if no password is needed.

  3. Drag and drop any files or directories from or to your window.

If you do not know your workgroup, enter smb:/ to list all workgroups available in your network. The Smb4K tool (package smb4k) can also be used to display all workgroups in your network and mount them on demand.

23.7.2.2. Accessing Shares from the Command Line

If you prefer using the command line, use the smbclient command. To log in to your Samba server, run: 

smbclient //jupiter/share -U tux

Omit the -U option if you are the current user tux. After logging in successfully, use some basic commands like ls (list contents), mkdir (create directory), get (download file), and put (upload file). Use help to display all commands. Refer to the manual page of smbclient for more information.

23.8. Sharing Files between Linux and Windows with Samba

Samba is the first choice for transferring files between Windows and Linux machines. These are the most common use cases for Samba:

Transferring Files from Linux to Windows with the SMB Scheme

In the easiest case you do not have to configure a Linux server. Use the smb:/ scheme. For more information, see Раздел 23.7.2.1, «Accessing Shares with KDE and GNOME». Make sure that your workgroup is identical on both systems and that your directories are shared.

Transferring Files from Windows to Linux Using a Server

Configure a Samba server on your Linux computer. See Процедура 23.4, «Setting Up a Samba Server».

[Tip]Using Default Registry Entries for Your Windows System

Some Windows versions (95, 98) require a small change in the registry for enabling a different password authentication method. Simplify this step by installing the samba-doc package and copy the file /usr/share/doc/packages/samba/registry to your Windows drive. Start Windows and incorporate the changes by double-clicking on this file.

Процедура 23.4. Setting Up a Samba Server

To set up a Samba server, do the following:

  1. Prepare the Samba server:

    1. Start YaST as root.

    2. Install the samba package.

    3. Create a directory (for example, /srv/share).

  2. Create the server configuration:

    1. Select Network Services+Samba Server.

    2. Select one of the workgroups or enter a new one (for example, Penguin).

    3. Check Primary Domain Controller (PDC)

    4. Select During Boot if the Samba service should be started every time your computer boots. Otherwise select Manually.

    5. Activate Open Port in Firewall if you use a firewall.

  3. Create your Windows share:

    1. Change to the Shares tab and click Add.

    2. Enter a name and description. The Share Name is used for accessing the share from your clients. Share Description describes the purpose of the share.

    3. Select your path (for example, /src/share).

    4. Proceed with OK.

    5. Activate Allow Users to Share Their Directories.

  4. Provide a password for all users that are allowed to use this service: 

    smbpasswd -a tux

    For easier configuration, just hit Enter to leave the password empty. Take into account that the usernames on your Windows and Linux computers are probably different. Configuring a consistent user base for both Windows and Linux is beyond the scope of this document.

  5. Start the Samba server: 

    rcnmb start
rcsmb start

To check if everything has been successfully configured, enter: 

smbclient -L localhost

After you hit Enter, you should get something like the following: 

Anonymous login successful
Domain=[PENGUIN] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 3.0.22-11-SUSE-CODE10]
        
    Sharename       Type      Comment
    ---------       ----      -------
    share           Disk      Shared directory
    netlogon        Disk      Network Logon Service
    IPC$            IPC       IPC Service (Samba 3.0.22-11-SUSE-CODE10)
    ADMIN$          IPC       IPC Service (Samba 3.0.22-11-SUSE-CODE10)
Anonymous login successful
Domain=[PENGUIN] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 3.0.22-11-SUSE-CODE10]
        
    Server               Comment
    ---------            -------
    SUSE-DESKTOP         Samba 3.0.22-11-SUSE-CODE10
        
    Workgroup            Master
    ---------            -------
    TUX-NET              jupiter

23.9. For More Information

Документация > Содержание > Мобильные устройства > ◀